Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the INDICATORS and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including INDICATORS and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction INDICATORS in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Extended Abstract Introduction: One of the most important natural disasters is DROUGHT phenomenon. If it lasts longer than a season or a long period, it will have economic, social and environmental effects. DROUGHT has no absolute definition and has a specific definition in each region. Each DROUGHT varies in severity, duration and extent. Moreover, DROUGHT can be considered as the equivalent of a dry and unusual period or climate that lasts long enough to create a serious imbalance in the hydrological state of a region. DROUGHT can also be regarded as an inevitable phenomenon, including disasters that cannot be prevented but can be managed and organized. DROUGHT indices are an important tool for monitoring and evaluating DROUGHT and establish an accurate relationship between many climatic parameters. The information obtained from the indices can be useful for planners, designers and managers of water resources, which is also confirmed by comparative studies of indices. Materials and Methods: This study focuses on studies of DROUGHT indices and how they function on different time and place scales. In order to conduct this research, the required materials were collected from domestic and foreign sources. In this study, 19 DROUGHT indices used in Iran and the world are evaluated, the results of different researchers are investigated, andlogical conclusions are made from different researches. Results and discussion: The results showed that each index can be used in different regions according to its nature and water resources INDICATORS, plant-related INDICATORS and risk INDICATORS of agricultural, economic and social indices. All INDICATORS in turn and in areas compatible with the nature of these INDICATORS can have a good prediction of DROUGHT, and these INDICATORS all should not be compared because the results of this comparison will not be appropriate, but they should be selected appropriately according to the study area. Meanwhile, time scale is very important in each of the INDICATORS and should be considered in order to achieve a more reliable result. Another point that was obtained from the results of this study is that most of the indices used in Iran and the world have paid more attention to the severity of DROUGHT andless to the duration, extent and frequency of DROUGHT, which is one of the weaknesses of existing DROUGHT indices in Iran and the world. An index of DROUGHT can persist in the world to pay for the severity, duration, frequency and extent of DROUGHT simultaneously and accordingly, it can definitely have appropriate predictions. Conclusion: The results showed that the indices of DI, SPI, PDSI, SPEI, BMDI index are the most widely used DROUGHT indices. The results also showed that the weakest DROUGHT index is the PNPI index and the strongest indeices of DROUGHT are SPEI and BMDI indices. In general, in order to use DROUGHT indices, the time and place scale related to those indices should be considered in their use. Since each index of DROUGHT has been created under certain conditions, it is suggested that they should not be used in Iran or be used with caution. The overall results of this study suggest that it is better to conduct native statistical models of linear and nonlinear regression according to specific climates of Iran in relation to DROUGHT indices according to Iranian meteorological and hydrological data and be introduced multivariate Iranian DROUGHT index which definitely has more valuable results.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 INDICATORS of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research INDICATORS, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city INDICATORS, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective INDICATORS of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

In recent years, Kurdistan Province has faced a dramatic decline in groundwater levels. In this research, the time interval between the occurrence of meteorological DROUGHT and hydrological DROUGHT was determined for the necessary measures to cope with the DROUGHT caused by the lack of surface water and underground water resources. Therefore, the hydrological DROUGHT situation in Kurdistan Province was evaluated using Groundwater Resources Index (GRI) and Streamflow DROUGHT Index (SDI) and compared with meteorological DROUGHT INDICATORS. The GRI and SDI time series for the 30 years of studied period of 1982-2014 was inter-compared. The GRI showed the highest percentage of frequency of normal period. According to the results of Man-Kendall test, in all time scales, SDI has a higher variability than the meteorological DROUGHT INDICATORS. Knowing the interval between the occurrence of meteorological DROUGHT and hydrological DROUGHT will help managers to cope with the DROUGHT caused by a shortage of surface water resources in the interior ministry, The Markov chain model used to predict the current state of a system with regard to the previous state in the statistical period showed good performance. According to the results of the study, on average, the probability of dry, wet and normal periods in the stations was 31, 29, and 40 percent, respectively. This means that in most cases, the region is in normal climatic condition, while the likelihood of wet and dry conditions is very similar. Also, SPEI with12 and 24 months’ time scales have the highest correlation with GRI index at 3 months lag-times, which showed the effects of meteorological DROUGHT on groundwater level even after two years or more. By considering the results of this study, the executive directors of water in the province can mitigate the effects of the crises caused by the hydrological DROUGHTs.

This study aimed at determining the rate of tolerance to welter in conditions of none water using experimental epilate stripe plan including welter sensivity, tolerance and stress tolerance indices, (GMP), (MP) with three replicates in 2011-2012 in Damghan city. Result shows that with been types proud action grain variation was significant (P<0.05). In condition without stress Types 33 with 4790 kg. Ha had maximum production and also in stress condition type 33 with been 2645 hg had maximum production and maximum Index rate (STI) was in top stress depended type. Type 33 shows Maximum (MPL) (GMP) and the correlation of index with production in normal condition and stress condition shows that production in stress condition YS significantly correlated with (YP) and Index. Totally except sensitivity index in (SSI) and correlation (YP) With STI,MP,GMP, TOL significant correlation was found between MP with STI and GMP, and also STI with GMP. But maximum correlation was found between MP and GMP. SSI Shows no significant correlation with all indices. The result showed that the STI. MP, GMP, Indices were appropriate for estimating production.

In recent years, with DROUGHTs and declining irrigation water, efficient use of water and water management has become inevitable. For this purpose, in this study, the risk effects of irrigation strategy in Qazvin plain in the 2015-2016 were analyzed. Initially, the percentage change in water quantity was calculated during the DROUGHT period. Then, using water-yield functions, deficit irrigation was applied to plants in four scenarios of 19, 32, 44 and 51% corresponding to the periods of weak, medium, severe and very severe DROUGHTs. Then, using the TMPMP model, the risk effects of DROUGHT were investigated on the cropping pattern and water consumption productivity. The results showed that deficit irrigation increased the area under crops of wheat, barley and beans. This management strategy drastically reduces gross income by 24 percent in very severe DROUGHT conditions. Income risk is reduced by applying a deficit irrigation scenario during DROUGHT periods. Gross margin also decreases non-linearly as income risk. Water use efficiency decreased for wheat, barley, corn, tomato, maize and bean crops, and increased for beet and alfalfa crops. Therefore, if the irrigation strategy is implemented, the rate of income reduction in DROUGHT conditions will be 24%, but otherwise the income reduction will reach 58 percentages.

IntroductionDevelopment of DROUGHT plans is an efficient approach to reduce the consequent damages and improve responses. The effectiveness of these plans depends on the INDICATORS and triggers that determine the timing and type of management actions (Steinmann and Cavalcanti, 2006). There are yet many questions about appropriate INDICATORS, their combination, and threshold levels to define triggers.

Introduction DROUGHT, as one of the natural disasters, has significant impacts on the environment. Although its occurrence is inevitable, its negative effects can be mitigated by taking measures. Freshwater groundwater, due to its sustainability and high quality, plays an important role in providing drinking water and socio-economic development, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. In this study, DROUGHT in Mahneshan County was investigated using various indices. 30 years of rainfall data from Mahneshan station were analyzed. To investigate climatic DROUGHT, the SPI index was used, to determine wet and dry periods, the 5 and 7 year moving averages of annual rainfall were used, and to investigate hydrological DROUGHT, well data and the GRI index were used. The findings show that climatic and hydrological DROUGHTs have occurred in the Mahneshan region and that there is a significant correlation between the SPI index and groundwater level changes. According to the findings, DROUGHT is one of the main challenges in the Mahneshan region. The use of various indices to investigate DROUGHT is necessary and its negative effects can be mitigated with proper planning. This study only focuses on a specific region and other factors affecting DROUGHT and ways to reduce its effects are not investigated. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the DROUGHT situation in the Mahneshan region and the need to pay attention to this phenomenon in future planning and actions. Materials and Methods This study is of an applied nature with a descriptive-analytical approach. To collect data, two methods were used: library studies and field surveys. In the field section, various methods were used, such as questionnaires, interviews, and observations, to collect the opinions and views of the local residents, expert information from specialists, and field surveys of water resources and water transmission systems. To complete the information, inquiries were made from relevant organizations such as the Rural Affairs Deputy and the Rural Water and Sewerage Administration. Also, by visiting the region in the field, information related to water resources, water allocation, and other DROUGHT-related matters were collected and analyzed and interpreted using scientific methods. To investigate climatic DROUGHT in the region, the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used. This index is calculated using long-term rainfall data (30 years) and can show wet, dry, and normal periods in the region. In addition to the SPI index, the 5 and 7 year moving averages of annual rainfall were also used to determine wet and dry periods. In this method, the average rainfall in a specific period of time (5 or 7 years) is calculated and compared with the long-term average rainfall. To investigate hydrological DROUGHT in the region, data from wells with appropriate distribution and long-term data were used. Changes in groundwater level in these wells were calculated by the Groundwater Recharge Index (GRI). The GRI indicates the amount of water entering the groundwater and can be used to assess the status of groundwater resources in the region. Results and Discussion Analysis of SPI values at different time scales and 5 and 7 year moving averages of rainfall indicates a significant decrease in rainfall in the Mahneshan region over the past 20 years. This downward trend raises concerns about its negative consequences for water resources, agriculture and other water-dependent sectors in the region. Analysis of the GRI index on monthly and annual time scales indicates a decline in groundwater levels in the Mahneshan region. This decline has been exacerbated due to the imbalance between recharge and withdrawal from the groundwater table, especially in recent years with consecutive DROUGHTs.Overexploitation of groundwater resources has threatened the sustainability of these resources. Correlation analysis between the SPI and GRI indices indicates a significant correlation between meteorological and hydrological DROUGHTs in the Mahneshan region. This correlation is stronger at longer time scales. The findings show that meteorological DROUGHTs can lead to hydrological DROUGHTs in the region. Analysis of the relationship between meteorological and hydrological DROUGHTs with time lags of one, two and three years shows that there is a significant correlation between these two types of DROUGHTs with lags of one and two years. This correlation shows that meteorological DROUGHTs with lags of one and two years lead to hydrological DROUGHTs in the Mahneshan region. Conclusion The Mahneshan region has faced a decline in groundwater levels and frequent and severe DROUGHTs over the past two decades. Studies show that: The average annual decline in groundwater level has varied over the years. This is due to the diversity in formation type, permeability, hydraulic gradient, and the amount of groundwater withdrawal in different regions. In the 20-year period (1375 to 1395), the groundwater level in the Mahneshan region has dropped by an average of 45 cm annually. This indicates the excessive and unsustainable withdrawal of groundwater resources. Repeated DROUGHTs have also exacerbated the trend of groundwater decline. In addition to rainfall, other factors such as overexploitation of groundwater resources also affect groundwater decline. A comparison of the SPI (climatic DROUGHT) and GRI (groundwater resources) indices shows that there is a significant relationship between these two indices on monthly and annual time scales. This relationship shows that climatic DROUGHT, with a 2-year lag, affects groundwater decline in the Mahneshan region. The lag time between climatic DROUGHT and groundwater decline can vary in different parts of the basin, depending on the diversity of formation type and geological characteristics and different groundwater withdrawals. Overall, the results of this study show that the Mahneshan region faces a serious challenge of water scarcity and DROUGHT. Overexploitation of groundwater resources and repeated DROUGHTs have exacerbated this challenge.

In basic studies of water and soil resources, recognizing the DROUGHT INDICATORS and evaluating them can achieve effective management of water resources and better evaluation. Increasing population on the one hand and rising temperatures on the other hand necessitate the need for more human societies to recognize and predict DROUGHT as one of the extreme events resulting from climate change. In arid and semi-arid countries such as Afghanistan, where all water resources depend on snow and rain, the issue of DROUGHT is an important and recognizable phenomenon. For this purpose, the purpose of this study is to assess DROUGHT using SPI, SDI and RDI indices downstream of Harirod catchment. The study area is located in Harirod basin and its area is 31402. 6 square kilometers. This basin is located at 62 degrees and 20 minutes’ east longitude, 34 degrees and 45 minutes’ north latitude in the northwest of Afghanistan, which shares a border with Turkmenistan from the north and Iran from the west. In this study, DrinC and DIP software packages developed by the National Technical University of Athens, Greece and Tarbiat Modares University of Iran in 2013, respectively, were used. The results of this study showed that they were most similar in terms of SPI and RDI results, but the result of SDI index is slightly different from the other two INDICATORS, which can be due to low river discharge data. In the statistical period of this study, the years 2000, 2001, 2008 and 2018 have been located in this basin with DROUGHTs of different intensities and it is suggested that the data obtained for better management of water resources in the basin management scenarios in the coming years.

DROUGHT is one of the destructive phenomena with adverse impacts on water resources and water needs. Machine-learning models are among the helpful tools in time-series prediction that can provide suitable results without the requirements for basic information about a system. In this study, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and least square support vector regression (LSSVR) models were utilized to predict the standardized precipitation index (SPI) as a meteorological DROUGHT indicator and streamflow DROUGHT index (SDI) as a hydrological DROUGHT indicator for a period (2001-2019). Ajabshir, located in the northwest of Iran, was selected as the study area, where the data of Qaleh Chay meteorological and hydrological stations were used to calculate SPI and SDI, respectively. The precipitation and flow rate data were considered input variables of the machine-learning models in predicting the SPI and SDI, respectively. The results revealed that during the period under review, meteorological DROUGHT was more severe in 2004-2011. While in this period, hydrological DROUGHT was more severe in 2007-2011 (SPI<-3). Moreover, the prediction results of the indices showed that the performance of the LSSVR model was better than that of ANFIS for both INDICATORS. Using LSSVR, the RMSE and MAPE error evaluation criteria for SPI were 0.74 and 0.59, respectively, while these values for SDI were obtained as 0.62 and 0.46, respectively. The findings of this study show that machine-learning models are suitable tools for predicting DROUGHT INDICATORS. Therefore, it is suggested to use such models in predicting DROUGHT INDICATORS in other similar regions.